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A Scientific Search for Visitation
from Extraterrestrial Probes
A New Search Model in the Quest to find ETI
A New Search Model in the Quest to find ETI
Abstract - The rationale for the use of interstellar artifacts by intelligent
life in the universe is described. The advantages of using interstellar
probes as a means of exploration and communication are presented and shown to
be significant enough to counter the time, energy, and technology arguments
generally raised against contact via extraterrestrial artifacts. Four classes
of artifacts are defined: Those seeking contact, those seeking to avoid
contact, those intended to provide a passive technological threshold for
detection, and those for which detection is irrelevant. The Search for
ExtraTerrestrial Artifacts (SETA) is based on the latter two classes. Under
the assumption that an extraterrestrial probe will be interested in life in
our solar system, a near-Earth search space is defined. This search space is
accessible to us now with ground and satellite observing facilities. The
current observational status of SETA is reviewed and contrasted with the
achievable detection limits for the different parts of the search space.
Abstract - The Artifact Hypothesis states that an advanced extraterrestrial
intelligence has undertaken a long-term programme of galactic exploration
via the transmission of material artifacts. An attempt to verify this
hypothesis experimentally, the search for extraterrestrial artifacts (SETA),
is proposed to detect such evidence in the Solar system by telescopic, radar,
infrared, direct probe, or other available means.
Abstract - Bracewell [5, 6] and Frietas [7 ] have discussed the possible superiority of
interstellar probes in missions of galactic exploration and recently Calder
[8] and Boyce[9]
have raised the issue of self-organizing machines in related contexts. In
this paper a preliminary sketch of a self-reproducing starprobe is presented,
with generation time ~103 years given a ~10-fold improvement in
current human space/manufacturing technology.
Abstract --Interstellar transmissions via energy-markers (photons) or
matter-markers (probes) appear to be energetically indistinguishable
alternatives for advanced technical societies. Since only Type II and Type
III civilizations realistically can afford beacons or starprobe technology,
alternative distinguishability criteria suggest the possible superiority of
intelligent artifacts for contact and communication missions among
extraterrestrial cultures. A balanced, more cost-effective Search for
ExtraTerrestrial Intelligence (SETI) strategy is proposed.
Abstract - Interstellar spacecraft are superior to electromagnetic wave
propagation for extrasolar exploration and communication. The search for
extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI) should include a search for
extraterrestrial probes. Arguments favouring, and various traditional
objections to, interstellar communications via messenger probe are
critically reviewed.
Abstract - The assertion that extraterrestrial intelligences (ETI) do not
exist based on the apparent contradictions inherent in the Fermi Paradox,
rests upon an unproven and untenable presumption: That ETI are not now
present in the Solar System. Most advanced civilisations also would be either
invisible or unrecognisable using current human observational methods, so
millions of advanced societies may exist and still not be directly detectable
by us. Thus the Fermi Paradox cannot logically be raised as an objection to
the existence of ETI until these major observational deficiencies have been
corrected.
Abstract - Photographs in the vicinity of the Earth-Moon triangular libration
points L4 and L5, and of the solar-synchronized positions in the associated
halo orbits (A. A. Kamel, 1969, Ph.D. dissertation, Stanford University),
were made during August-September 1979, using the 30-in Cassegrain telescope
at Leuschner Observatory, Lafayette, California. An effective 2° square field
was covered at each position. No discrete objects, either natural or
artificial, were found. The detection limit was about 14th magnitude. The
present work extends traditional SETI observations to include the search for
interstellar probes (R. A. Freitas, Jr., 1980, J. Brif. Interplanet. Soc.
33, 95-100).
Abstract - Abstract - A photographic search of the five Earth-Moon Lagrangian
positions included the solar-synchro-nized positions in the stable L4/L5
libration orbits, the potentially stable nonplanar orbits near L1/L2,
Earth-Moon L3, and also L2 in the Sun-Earth system. Observations using the
61-cm Burrell Schmidt telescope at the Warner and Swasey Observatory, Kitt
Peak Station, spanned 60° along the lunar orbital plane x 5° around
Earth-Moon L5, 48" x 5° around L4, 25° x 13° around L3, 15° x 24° around the
Moon (LI/L2). and 14° x 14° around Sun-Earth L2. Limiting magnitude for the
detection of libration objects near L3, L4, and L5 was 17-19th magnitude,
10-18th magnitude for L!/L2 plates, and 14-16th magnitude for Sun-Earth L2.
No natural or artificial objects were found. An automated search of selected
priority plates was attempted using the Faint Object Classification and
Analysis System (FOCAS) software package.
Abstract - Bracewell has suggested the use if nonreproducing messenger probes
for interstellar exploration, and Freitas has examined the feasibility of
self-reproducing automated devices in the same context. The present paper
compares reproducing and nonreproducing strategies for missions of
interstellar and galactic discovery. Self-reproducing probes are found to be
the method of choice for active exploration programs lasting >106
years, involving searches of >106 target stars to distances > 1000
light-years in the Galactic Disk, and are superior to one-shot "Bracewell
Probes" for searches of >103 stars to distances > 100 light-years
in the Galactic Disk. Any nonreproducing alien probes discovered in the Solar
System during the normal course of future SETI research would most likely
have been sent by extraterrestrial civilizations located within a approx.
1000 light-year radius of the Sun, whereas any self-reproducing devices
similarly detected probably originated far outside the exploration sphere.
Abstract - This paper discusses observational considerations in a search for
extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI) program to detect extraterrestrial
messenger probes in the solar system. Observable artifacts will most likely
be found in a search space consisting of geocentric, selenocentric,
Earth-Moon Libration, and Earth-Moon Halo orbits, which may be searched to a
limiting artifact size of 110 m (pv = 0.1) using existing or foreseeable
instrumentation.
Abstract - The "Fermi Paradox," an argument that extraterrestrial
intelligence cannot exist because it has not yet been observed, is a logical
fallacy. This "paradox" is a formally invalid inference, both because it
requires modal operators lying outside the first-order propositional calculus
and because it is unsupported by the observational record.
Chapter 8 entitled: Motion Pictures of UFOs by R. M. L. Baker Jr.
Chapter Introductory Statement - "The data that I have reviewed and analyzed
since 1954 lead me to believe that there is substantial evidence to support
the claim that an unexplained phenomenon-or phenomena-is present in the
environment of earth, but that it may not be "flying", may not always be
"unidentified", and may not even take the form of substantive "objects". I
would, therefore, prefer the label "Anomalistic Observational Phenomena"
rather than "UFO". In this report I will concentrate on the anomalistic
observational phenomena as depicted in motion pictures, and will not attempt
to support any particular hypothesis as to the source of the phenomenon."
Introductory paragraph - Since Morrison and Cocconi published the suggestion
that there might be advanced societies elsewhere in the Galaxy, superior to
ourselves in technological development, who are beaming transmissions at us
on a frequency of 1,420 MHz/s., Drake has described equipment under
construction to look for such transmissions. The confidence necessary to
commence actual observations is based on an opinion that planets are a common
by-product of the formation of starts. One argument among others is that
stars of spectral type later than F5 have low angular momenta, just as the
Sun has; and in the case of the Sun we know that it is because the momentum
(98 per cent of it) resides in planets. Of the thousands of millions of
planets in the Galaxy likely to be situated similarly to the Earth in
relation to their star, it is hard to dismiss the possibility that some have
more advanced civilizations than ours. In view of the acceleration with which
technology develops, advanced societies could be incredibly more advanced.
Abstract - Four categories of facts are explored for explaining the lack of
observable extraterrestrial beings (ETs) on earth. The physical reasons are
suggested to be the long travel times required by sublight-velocity
spaceships, a problem that may be overcome by beings that live several
millennia or that can be stored and reproduced from zygotes on arrival. Also,
the energy requirements for interstellar travel, though large, are not an
insurmountable difficulty. Sociologically, it is suggested that ETs have no
interest in space travel, or they may have destroyed themselves with atomic
wars, or the earth is being used as a wildlife preserve. No procedures exist
to test these hypotheses, however. The consideration that ETs have not yet
had time to find earth is discounted by calculations that show that another
intelligent species in the Galaxy would have found earth if their space
exploration efforts began at least 2,000,000 yr ago. It is concluded that if
the earth has not yet been visited, then colonization of the Galaxy will most
probably be done by humans, who may have the first advanced civilization in
the Galaxy.
A concerted, national, and perhaps international, effort to find radio
signals from extraterrestrial civilizations (ETC's) will probably be started
within the next few years. It will be the outcome of nearly 20 years of
smaller searches at various radio observatories (1) and about a decade of
preliminary planning for a dedicated facility (2). One major study conducted
by Stanford University and NASA Ames Research Center (3) resulted in the
design for an array of up to 1000 antennas of 100-meter aperture. The search
for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI) has bee identified in "Outlook for
Space" (4) as one of the possible future tasks for the National Aeronautics
and Space Administration (objective 125) and the large receiving array as one
of the prerequisites (system 4010).
Abstract - The evolution of organization in the universe is considered. It is
proposed that a circum-solar community, and eventually a galactic community
represent the next levels of organization in this evolutionary process.
Possible strategies for detecting other technological civilizations in the
galaxy are discussed.
Abstract - This resource letter provides a guide to the literature about
intelligent life beyond the human sphere of exploration. It offers a starting
point for professionals and academics interested in participating in the
debate about the existence of other technological civilizations or in SETI.
It can also serve as a reference for teaching. Several extensive
bibliographies are cited.
Abstract -
Abstract - A ~ 10-metre object on a heliocentric orbit, now catalogued as 1991 VG, made a close
approach to the Earth in 1991 December, and was discovered a month before perigee with the
Spacewatch telescope at Kitt Peak. Its very Earth-like orbit and observations of rapid brightness
fluctuations argue for it being an artificial body rather than an asteroid. None of the handful of
man-made rocket bodies left in heliocentric orbits during the space age have purely gravitational
orbits returning to the Earth at that time, and in any case the a priori probability of discovery for
1991 VG was very small, of order one in 100,000 per anmun. In addition, the small perigee
distance observed might be interpreted as an indicator of a controlled rather than a random
encounter with the Earth, and thus it might be argued that 1991 VG is a candidate as an alien
probe observed in the vicinity of our planet.
Abstract - The observations that life has a natural tendency to expand into
all available space, that advanced technological civilizations should be able
to engage with relative ease in interstellar travelling, and that once this
threshold is crossed the complete colonization of the entire Galaxy will be
accomplished in a very short interval relative to the age of the Galaxy, lead
us to the following dilemma: either the entire Galaxy is teeming with
intelligent life and hence our solar system must have been colonized hundreds
of millions of years ago, or there are no other inhabitants in our solar
system and hence most probably neither any-where else in the Galaxy. Before
accepting, however, the bleak verdict that we are all alone in the Galaxy, we
must search carefully throughout the solar system for any signs of other
technological civilizations. The most logical place to look for them seems to
be the asteroid belt because of the many advantages it offers to a galactic
society living in space colonies.
Abstract - Communications at optical frequencies from extraterrestrial
sources many light years away are shown to be quite feasible and can be
received using present receiver technology. It is explained that the exact
optical frequency need not be known and that short pulses in the nanosecond
regime at high energy per pulse at very low duty cycle are most likely to be
sent. Large optical collectors (10 to 20 metres diameter) of non-image
quality can be built at low cost to collect the signal, it is explained why
present optical telescopes and instrumentation would not normally detect such
signals due to the planet's starlight and how this can be overcome by optical
communication modulation formats. These formats enable a number of bits of
information per received pulse. With many bits/pulse transmitted, each pulse
may represent a line-word allowing for a small number of pulses to transmit a
crude picture. it is further explained how high resolution pictures may be
obtained. A suggestion is made relating to possible optical frequencies but
it is made clear that it is not essential to detection of extraterrestrial
laser signals. It is suggested that laser signals should be given
consideration in addition to radio frequency signals for extraterrestrial
communications.
Introductory paragraphs - IN A RECENT PAPER, [1] it was explained how
present technology is sufficient to detect likely laser signals from
extraterrestrial sources. It was further explained that the likely nature of
modulation of those signals and the laser output energy requirements were the
same order as those of which we are presently capable. It was also discussed
why the exact wavelength of the source need not be known and the reasons why
laser transmission might be used. In this paper, we review briefly the above
and provide a more detailed discussion of the optical receiver to detect
extraterrestrial signals.
Abstract - Recent knowledge in a number of scientific fields has fostered
confidence in the scientific community that, in spite of failure to detect
extraterrestrial intelligent signals over the past 35 years, intelligent life
must be widespread in our Galaxy and that there should be many alien
civilisations more advanced than ours. A code of contact for the case that an
extraterrestrial signal or message is received seems to be mandatory for
mankind and a revised text of the already existing "Draft Declaration of
Principles Concerning Activities Following the Detection of Extraterrestrial
Intelligence" prepared by' the SETI Committee of the IAA, is suggested here.
A Declaration of Principles is also proposed for the case that an
extraterrestrial spacecraft detects our civilisation and lands or wishes to
land on Earth.
Abstract - Considerations in the design of receivers for the detection and
recognition of artificial microwave signals of extraterrestrial origin are
discussed. Following a review of the objectives of SETI and the probable
reception and detection characteristics of extraterrestrial signals, means
for the improvement of the sensitivity, signal-to-noise ratios and on-line
data processing capabilities of SETI receivers are indicated. The
characteristics of the signals likely to be present at the output of an
ultra-low-noise microwave receiver are then examined, including the system
background noise, terrestrial radiations, astrophysical radiations,
accidental artificial radiations of terrestrial origin, and intentional
radiations produced by humans and by extraterrestrial intelligence. The
classes of extraterrestrial signals likely to be detected, beacons and
leakage signals, are considered, and options in the specification of gating
and thresholding for a high-spectral resolution, high-time-resolution signal
discriminator are indicated. Possible tests for the nonhuman origin of a
received signal are also pointed out.
Introductory paragraph - It appears that the search for extraterrestrial
intelligence (ETI) is now a legitimate activity for astronomers and other
scientists. This topic was recently reviewed on behalf of NASA by a panel of
distinguished scientists led by professor Philip Morrison. Their primary
conclusion is that, 'It is both timely and feasible to begin a serious search
for intelligent extraterrestrial radio signals and also outline possible
techniques for searching for planets associated with nearby stars (1).
The "Condon Report," presenting the findings of the Colorado Project on a
scientific study of unidentified flying objects, has been and remains the
most influential public document concerning the scientific status of this
problem. Hence, all current scientific work on the UFO problem must make
reference to the Condon Report. For this reason, it remains important to
understand the contents of this report, the work on which the report is
based, and the relationship of the "Summary of the Study" and "Conclusions
and Recommendations" to the body of the report. The present analysis of this
report contains an overview, an analysis of evidence by categories, and a
discussion of scientific methodology. The overview shows that most case
studies were conducted by junior staff; the senior staff took little part,
and the director took no part, in these investigations. The analysis of
evidence by categories shows that there are substantial and significant
differences between the findings of the project staff and those that the
director attributes to the project. Although both the director and the staff
are cautious in stating questions, the staff tend to emphasize challenging
cases and unanswered questions, whereas the director emphasizes the
difficulty of further study and the probability that there is no scientific
knowledge to be gained.
Abstract - Refereed journals, to which scientists turn for their reliable
information, carry virtually no information on the UFO problem. Does this
imply that scientists have no views and no thoughts on the subject, or that
all scientists consider it insignificant? Does it imply that scientists have
no reports to submit comparable with UFO reports published in newspapers and
popular books? The purpose of this survey was to answer these questions.
Note: Sections 1-3 and the Appendices were published in Vol. 8, No. 1 of the
Journal of Scientific Exploration. Section 4.1-4.3 appeared in Vol. 8, No. 2,
and Section 4.4-4.9 was published in Vol. 8 No. 3.
Abstract - Estimation of the number N of communicative civilizations by means
of Drake's formula involves the combination of several quantities, each of
which is to some extent uncertain. The uncertainty in any quantity may be
represented by a probability distribution function, even if that quantity is
itself a probability. The uncertainty of current estimates of N is derived
principally from uncertainty in estimates of the lifetime of advanced
civilizations. It is argued that this is due primarily to uncertainty
concerning the existence of a "Galactic Federation" which is in turn
contingent upon uncertainty about whether the limitations of present-day
physics are absolute or (in the event that there exists a yet-undiscovered
"hyperphysics") transient. It is further argued that it is advantageous to
consider explicitly these underlying assumptions in order to compare the
probable numbers of civilizations operating radio beacons, permitting radio
leakage, dispatching probes for radio surveillance or dispatching vehicles
for manned surveillance.
References to Pertinent Works
We encourage you to educate yourself on this subject by obtaining and reading
the works referenced here. The information contained in these pertinent works
embodies what SETV is all about and had a major influence on the formulation
of the SETV search model.
Journal and Periodical Papers Abstract Index
(click to read abstract)
Perspectives with Special Attention given to the Leaky-Embargo Hypothesis
- An evolutionary cybernetic problem in hierarchical dynamics
Books and Manuscripts Index
(click to read description)
Online Articles and Papers Index
(click to read description)
WebMaster's Note:
Mr. Robert A. Freitas Jr. was, in the 1980s, the world's leading thinker and
writer about the search for extraterrestrial probes. He is one of the few
scientists ever to actively look for such probes. He conducted the first
search for probes and other extraterrestrial artifacts in Earth orbit and
at a Lagrange point, he wrote extensively about the rationale for such searches,
and he conducted the first radio SETI search at the tritium line. In the 1990s
he has turned his attention to the closely related topic of nanotechnology
and is currently completing the first volume of a 3-volume work on nanomedicine.
Journal and Periodical Papers Abstracts
Freitas Jr., Robert A., The Search for Extraterrestrial Artifacts (SETA),
Xenology Research Institute, 8256 Scottsdale Dr., Sacramento, Ca, 95828, USA
P.O. Box 26732, Tucson, Az, 85726, USA
Acta Astronautica, Vol. 12, No. 12, pp. 1027-1034, 1985, Great Britain
Freitas, R. A., The Search for Extraterrestrial Artifacts (SETA),
Xenology Research Institute, 8256 Scottsdale Dr., Sacramento, CA, 95828, USA
Journal of the British Interplanetary Soc., Vol. 36, pp. 501-506, 1983
Freitas Jr., Robert A., A Self-Reproducing Interstellar Probe
100 Buckingham Drive, No. 253, Santa Clara, California, 95051, USA
Journal of the British Interplanetary Society, Vol.33, pp.251-264, 1980
Freitas Jr., Robert A., Interstellar Probes: A New Approach to SETI
Journal of the British Interplanetary Society, Vol. 33, pp.103-109, 1980.
Freitas, R. A., The Case for Interstellar Probes,
Journal of the British Interplanetary Soc., Vol. 36, pp. 490-495, 1983
Freitas, R. A., Extraterrestrial Intelligence in the Solar System: Resolving the Fermi Paradox,
Journal of the British Interplanetary Society, Vol. 36, pp. 496-500, 1983.
Freitas, R. A., and Valdes, F., A Search for Natural or Artificial Objects
Located at the Earth-Moon Libration Points,
Icarus, Vol. 42, pp. 442-447, 1980.
Freitas, R. A., and Valdes, F., A Search for Objects Near the
Earth-Moon Lagrangian Points,
Icarus, Vol. 53, pp. 453-457, 1983.
Valdes, F., and Freitas, R. A., Comparison of Reproducing and
Non-Reproducing Starprobe Strategies for Galactic Exploration,
Journal of the British Interplanetary Society, Vol. 33, pp. 402-408, 1980
Freitas, R. A. Jr.,If They Are Here, Where Are They? Observational and Search Considerations
Icarus Vol. 55, pp. 337-343, 1983
Freitas, R. A, Jr. There Is No Fermi Paradox
Icarus, Vol. 62, pp. 518-520, 1985.
Sagan C. and Page, T. UFOs - A Scientific Debate,
Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York. p. 190, 1972.
Bracewell, Prof. Ronald N., Communications from Superior Galactic
Communities, Radioscience Laboratory, Stanford University, California
Nature, Vol. 186, No. 4726, pp. 670-671, 1960.
Reprinted in A.G. Cameron (ed.), Interstellar Communication,
W. A. Benjamin, Inc., New York, pp. 243-248, 1963
Hart, M. H. , An Explanation for the Absence of Extraterrestrials on Earth,
Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 16, pp. 128-135, 1975.
Kuiper, T.B.H, and Morris, M., Searching for Extraterrestrial Civilizations,
Science, Vol. 196, pp. 616-621, 1977
1. For a review of various search programs that have been conducted, see C.
Sagan and F. Drake,
Sci. Am. 233,83 (May 15)
2. Final Report of the Science Workshop on Interstellar Communication,
NASA Spec. Publ., in preparation.
3. Project Cyclops (Report CR114445, NASA Ames Research Center,
Moffett Field, Calif., 1971)
4. "Outlook for Space, " NASA Spec. Publ. SP-386 (1976)
Kuiper, T.B.H, Our extraterrestrial heritage: From UFO's to space colonies,
Proceedings of the Joint Symposium, Los Angeles, Calif., January 28, 1978. (A78-49776 22-12)
Los Angeles, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc., , pp. 25-31, 1978
Kuiper, Thomas, B.H, and (JPL) and Brig, Glen David (Heritage Research), Searching for
Extraterrestrial Civilizations,
American Journal of Physics (ISSN 0002-9505), Vol. 57, pp. 12-18, Jan. 1989
Lawton, A. T., Infrared Interstellar Communication,
Spaceflight, Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 83-85, 1971
Steel, Duncan, SETA and 1991 VG
The Observatory, Vol. 115, No. 1125, pp. 78-83, April 1995
Papagiannis, M. D., Are We Alone or Could They be in the Asteroid Belt?,
Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 19, pp. 277-281, 1978
Ross, M., The Likelihood of Finding Extraterrestrial Laser Signals,
McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Company, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
Journal of the British Interplanetary Society, Vol. 32, pp. 203-208, 1979
Ross, M., Design of an Optical Receiver for Space Signals,
Journal of the British Interplanetary Society, Vol. 33, pp. 89-94, 1980
The major obstacles to finding a laser signal from outer space have been (1)
no knowledge of the optical frequency and (2) masking of the signal by the
signal star's light. Both of these obstacles can be overcome by present
technology and understanding of laser communications.
1. M. Ross, JBIS, 32, 203-208 (1979)
Schenkel, P., Legal Frameworks for Two Contact Scenarios,
Journal of the British Interplanetary Society, Vol. 50, pp. 258-262, 1997
Seeger, C. L. (NASA Ames Research Center) The Recognition of
Extraterrestrial Artificial Signals,
Asilomar Conference on Circuits, Systems, and Computers, 13th, Pacific Grove, Calif., November 5-7, 1979,
Conference Record. (A81-26601 10-63), Piscataway, N.J., Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., pp. 18-22, 1980
Sturrock, Peter, A., Extraterrestrial Intelligent Life,
Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 19, pp. 521-523, 1978
1. Morrison, P., Billingham, J. & Wolfe, J. (eds), 1977. The Search for
Extraterrestrial Intelligence, SETI, NASA SP-419, National Aeronautics
and Space Administration, Washington, DC.
Sturrock, Peter, A., An Analysis of the Condon Report on the Colorado UFO
Project,
Center for Space Science and Astrophysics, ERL 306, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-4025,
Journal of Scientific Exploration, Vol 1, No. 1, pp. 75-100, 1987
Concerning methodology, it appears that the project was unable to identify current challenging
cases that warranted truly exhaustive investigations. Nor did the project develop a uniform and
systematic procedure for cataloging the large number of older cases with which they were
provided. In drawing conclusions from the study of such a problem, the nature and scope of
which are fraught with so much uncertainty, it would have been prudent to avoid
theory-dependent arguments.
Sturrock, Peter, A., Report on a Survey of the Membership of the American
Astronomical Society Concerning the UFO Problem,
Journal of Scientific Exploration, Vol. 8, No. 1;2;3, 1994, pp. 1-45;153-195;309-346.
Sturrock, Peter A., Uncertainty Estimates in the Number of
Extraterrestrial Civilizations,
National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Grant NGR 05-020-668,
SUIPR Report No. 808, March 1980; also contained in Strategies for the search
for life in the universe; Proceedings of the Meeting, Montreal, Canada,
August 15, 16, 1979. (A81-25626 10-88) Dordrecht, D. Reidel Publishing Co.,
pp. 59-72, 1980
The Master said Yu, shall I tell you what knowledge is? When you know a
thing, to know that you know it, and when you do not know a thing, to
recognize that you do not know it. This is knowledge.
Analects of Confucius (Waley's translation).
Abstract - The existence of extraterrestrial civilization (ETC), interstellar
communication, human contact with ETC, unidentified flying object (UFO)
evidence, the evaluation of UFO phenomena, and the assessment of our
ignorance about the universe are discussed. The organization of the Stanford
workshop (August 29-30, 1974) convened to study these topics is also
described. There were two groups of scientists: those considering physical,
astronomical, and biological theoretical knowledge relative to ETC and
searching for extraterrestrial radio signals; and those pursuing the UFO
problem by analyzing eyewitness reports and photographs.
Discussion at the Workshop centered on the following topics: the existence of
ETC; interstellar travel; interstellar communication; human contact with ETC;
UFO evidence; evaluation of the UFO phenomena; and assessment of our
ignorance. It was generally agreed that radio search for ETC is a promising
endeavor. Although it was agreed that study of the UFO problem is a
justifiable pursuit, members of Group A chose to remain skeptical in the
absence of unimpeachable evidence concerning the nature of the phenomena.
Workshop Participants:
W.M. Adams, Stanford University;
C.W. Barnes, Stanford University;
R.N. Bracewell, Stanford University;
J.B. Carlson, University of Maryland;
R.A. Dana, Stanford University;
D.W. Davies, Jet Propulsion Laboratory;
C.M. Haaland, Oak Ridge National Laboratory;
J.A. Harder, University of California;
R.C. Henry, Johns Hopkins University;
J.A. Hynek, Center for UFO Studies;
J.W. Knight, Stanford University;
B.M. Oliver, Hewlett Packard;
P.E. Palmer, University of Chicago;
V. Petrosian, Stanford University;
C.L. Seeger, San Francisco, California;
R. Shaver, University of Groningen;
P.A. Sturrock, Stanford University;
G.W. Swenson, University of Illinois;
P. Switzer, Stanford University;
W.H. Tucker, Bonsall California;
J.F. Vallee, Center for UFO Studies;
F. Winterberg, University of Nevada;
J. Wolfe, NASA/Ames Research Center;
R.M. Wood, McDonnell-Douglas Corporation.
Abstract - Progress in science depends on the appraisal of hypotheses by reference to observational data. This procedure is formalized in such a way that judgments made by the theorists ands judgments made by the observers may be combined to yield probabilities for the considered hypotheses.
Summary - It is argued that if extraterrestrial intelligent beings exist, then their spaceships must already be present in our solar system.
Abstract - A research project regarding the instrumental investigation on atmospheric plasma-like luminous phenomena is proposed. Considered targets are treated on a par with astronomical objects having no fixed coordinates. Specifically oriented monitoring techniques and strategies involving small telescopes which are connected to CCD detectors, spectrographs and photon-counting photometers are presented. Expected exposure-times for acquiring an optimum signal-to-noise ratio of the target by using all the proposed instruments is also evaluated. Finally, physical parameters which are expected to be inferred from data analysis are presented and discussed in detail.
Abstract - A technical research project regarding the search for evidence of the extraterrestrial origin of UFO phenomena is proposed. After showing the main results from the analysis of an earlier Norwegian instrumental project, specific monitoring techniques and strategies based on magnetometers, radio spectrum analyzers and radar-assisted sensors for the detection and analysis of UFO optical and infrared light are presented together with calculations of exposure times for optical observations. Physical parameters which are expected to be determinable from subsequent data analysis are described in detail. Finally, crucial tests in order to prove or confute a non-natural origin of the UFO phenomenon are proposed and discussed.
Abstract - Unexplained plasma-like atmospheric "light balls" are observed at very low altitudes during alternate phases of maximum and minimum in the Hessdalen area, located in central Norway. Several theories are presented in order to explain the observed phenomenon; among these: piezo-electricity from rocks, atmospheric ionization triggered by solar activity, cosmic rays and extraterrestrial visitation. The presented study is aimed at proposing the use of a dedicated instrumental set-up, research experimental procedures and methods in order to prove or disprove every single theory: in this context several kinds of observational techniques, measurement strategies and physical tests of tactical relevance are discussed in detail. An introduction on any considered theory is presented together with a detailed discussion regarding the subsequent experimental phase. For each specific theory brief descriptions of the observable parameters and of the essential instrumental choices and a detailed discussion of measurement procedures coupled with suitable flow-charts, are presented.
Abstract - Humanity is making rapid progress in computers, robotics, nanotechnology and space exploration. Consequently, within 200 years, we will be likely to launch small interstellar probes containing highly advanced computers. Perhaps other civilizations, more advanced than ours, launched intelligent machines long ago to explore parts of our galaxy. One of their tiny probes may have already reached our planet in order to observe or monitor us. Our current scientific search for extraterrestrial intelligence should be expanded by adding a sophisticated search for such a probe. Two SETI "declarations of principles" have been developed to cover the search for radio and laser signals originating many light-years away. Some SETI scientists have assumed that these two declarations also apply to the scenario of discovering a nearby probe but, in fact, the fit is not very good. A separate set of "Procedures Following Detection of An Interstellar Probe" has been drafted.
Abstract - Because their capacities are probably highly advanced, some extraterrestrial species may be using unobtrusive methods of observing humankind and other fledgling civilisations in the Galaxy. The amount of help they want to give to such civilisations is probably quite significant. Their help could be of three types: instant intervention to avoid a nuclear holocaust or other imminent catastrophe; long-term help in reducing grave dangers; and help in improving nondangerous spheres of life. Sooner of later, unless we extinguish ourselves first, advanced extraterrestrials will have an enormous impact on humankind. Even during the next 30 years, the probability of contact or interaction may be one in four. Given these conclusions, what should we do next? Thirteen possible strategies are outlined. The likelihood and benefits of success are estimated for each strategy; then its overall priority is rated. At present, seven of the eight highest priority strategies remain neglected and unfunded.
Abstract -
Abstract - A review is made on the design philosophy of groundbased multichannel spectrometers for measurements of solar irradiation reflected from various natural formations within the visible and near infrared range of the electromagnetic spectrum. Important specifics of the new generation ground-based spectrometers are the improved functional possibilities for the scientific experiments, management and for the specialized data processing. The instruments enable the performance both of automated mode of operation and within the payload of complex measurement equipment. the incorporation of proper computer techniques accounts for the increased intelligence and adaptivity which provides for the precise resolution necessary for the scientific methodology and applicable tasks.
Abstract - The phenomenon of Unidentified Flying Objects (UFOs) presently affords analysts only pieces of a hereto unknown whole reality. Because the whole is not seen or understood, the visible pieces often appear to be irreconcilable with one another and lead to hypotheses which are in conflict. The Extraterrestrial Hypothesis (ETH) and the hypothesis of Dr. Jacques Vallee (the "Vallee Hypothesis")(VH) represent two such divergent hypotheses. Through analogy to processes and realities that we do not understand, it is possible to begin reconciling the evidence of those who support the ETH and those who support the VH. In doing so, we find that the evidence presented in support of the VH does not necessarily compel exclusion of the ETH; but it does demand an acceptance that the UFO phenomenon presents analysts with something of far broader scope in its scientific, social, and historical dimensions than many supporters of the ETH have acknowledged.
Abstract - In 1977 President Carter's Science Advisor recommended that a small panel of inquiry be formed by NASA to see if there had been any new significant findings on UFOs since the US Air Force- sponsored investigation of UFOs ("Condon Report") a decade later. Five months later, NASA responded to that recommendation by proposing "to take no steps to establish a research activity in this area or to convene a symposium on the subject." This article offers a partial inside look at how that decision was made at NASA.
Abstract - The author assumes that there exists a vast network of intelligent civilizations (the Galactic Club) in productive mutual contact and that UFOs are of extraterrestrial intelligent (ETI) origin and flown by members of the Galactic Club. He then suggests that the reason for the lack of official contact between UFOs of ETI origin and us is that they are merely surveying us because we are on the verge of becoming a member of the Galactic Club. He makes two proposals for a CETI strategy: (1) carry out radio search for Type II and Type III civilizations among nearer galaxies and search for Bracewell probes, and (2) carry out serious study of the UFO phenomenon to produce 'harder' data (e.g., spectra from glowing UFOs), including a systematic search using radar networks, infrared sensors from space, etc.
Abstract - Over a period of years, diverse aerial sightings of an unusual character have been reported. On the assumption that the majority of these reports, often made in concert, come from reputable persons, and in the absence of any universal hypotheses for the phenomena which stimulated the reports, it becomes a matter of scientific obligation and responsibility to examine the reported phenomena seriously despite their seemingly fanciful character. Accordingly, several hundred serious reports of "unidentified aerial objects" have been studied in detail in an attempt to get a pattern classification. It appears that those reported phenomena which do not admit of a ready and obvious explanation exhibit fairly well-defined patterns and that these are worthy of further study. One pattern in particular, that of a hovering nocturnal light, does not appear to be readily explainable on an astronomical basis or by mirages balloons or by conventional aircraft.
Abstract - Scientific opinion has generally followed public opinion in the belief that unidentified flying objects either do not exist (the "natural phenomena hypothesis") or, if they do, must represent evidence of a visitation by some advanced race of space travelers (the extraterrestrial hypothesis or "ETH"). It is the view of the author that research on UFOs need not be restricted to these two alternatives. On the contrary, the accumulated data base exhibits several patterns tending to indicate that UFOs are real, represent a previously unrecognized phenomenon, and that the facts do not support the common concept of "space visitors." Five specific arguments articulated here contradict the ETH: (1) unexplained close encounters are far more numerous than required for any physical survey of the earth; (2) the humanoid body structure of the alleged "aliens" is not likely to have originated on another planet and is not biologically adapted to space travel; (3) the reported behavior in thousands of abduction reports contradicts the hypothesis of genetic or scientific experimentation on humans by an advanced race; (4) the extension of the phenomenon throughout recorded human history demonstrates that UFOs are not a contemporary phenomenon; and (5) the apparent ability of UFOs to manipulate space and time suggests radically different and richer alternatives, three of which are proposed in outline form as a conclusion to this paper.
Abstract - Counter-arguments to the views expressed by this author in a previous article questioning the extraterrestrial nature of unidentified flying objects have been presented by Dr. Robert Wood, an American aerospace expert, and by Prof. Serge Bozhich, a Soviet mathematician. These counter-arguments propose alternative explanations for five major inconsistencies we had noted in the ETH theory. In this response, it is shown that such explanations represent a significant alteration of these basic tenants of the ETH, and that they do introduce useful new insights for future research on UFOs. However, some of the contradictions remain, especially when the matter of "abductions" is brought under close scrutiny.
Abstract - The Extraterrestrial Hypothesis (ETH) explanation of Unidentified Flying Objects (UFOs) has not been attractive to many scientists because of the apparent requirement to exceed the speed of light in making such trips. It is postulated that if the basis of gravity control systems were discovered, and that if the speed of light can either be raised or exceeded using such devices, then the pattern of UFO reports is consistent with the ETH. Recently, five arguments against the ETH have been advanced by Vallee in this Journal (1990). Each argument can be countered as follows: (1) thousands of visiting civilizations account for the wide variety and large number of reports; (2) the frequently reported similarity to Homo Sapiens shape may be due to historical interactions, or due to biological optimization; (3) the primitive treatment during reported abductions may be the exception from some less ethical civilizations; (4) the historical extension of the UFO phenomenon is to be expected; and (5) the near-magical reports of time, space, and light manipulation is due to high technology. Travel distance and travel time for constant acceleration and deceleration trips are displayed graphically, based on the feasibility of hyperoptic gravity control transportation systems. Convenient astronomical distance reference points are noted.
Abstract - On November 16, 1974, the Arecibo Observatory transmitted at 2380 MHz at an effective bandwidth of 10 Hz a message directed at the globular cluster M13. The message consists of a 1679 bit picture portraying a counting scheme, five biologically significant atoms (H, C, O, N, and P), the generic structure of the four purines and pyrimidine bases of DNA; a schematic of the DNA double helix with an order of magnitude estimate of the number of base pairs; a representation of a human being and his or her dimensions; a depiction of the solar system with an indication that human beings inhabit the third planet and an estimate of the human population of the Earth; and finally, a schematic representation of the Arecibo Observatory and a description of its dimensions.
Abstract - Interstellar communications across the galactic plasma without dispersion in direction and flight-time is practical, so far as we know, only with electromagnetic waves. Since the object of those who operate the source is to find a newly evolved society, we may presume that the channel used will be one that places a minimum burden of frequency and angular discrimination on the detector. Moreover, the channel must not be highly attenuated in space of in the Earth's atmosphere. Radio frequencies below ~1 MHz/s., and all frequencies higher than molecular absorption lines near 30,000 MHz up to cosmic ray gamma energies, are suspect of absorption in planetary atmospheres. The band-widths which seem physically possible in the near-visible or gamma-ray domains demand either very great power at the source or very complicated techniques. The wide radio-band from, say, 1 MHz to 104 Mhz/s., remains as the rational choice.
Introductory paragraphs - If intelligent life is a common occurrence in the
Galaxy, then many civilizations should have arisen which by now are far in
excess of mankind in both their age and their capabilities. It is to be
expected on technical grounds that some of these should have crossed the
threshold of their home planetary system and ventured out into interstellar
space. In a time that is short when measured against astronomical timescales
such civilizations could have colonized the planets orbiting every suitable
star in the Galaxy.
As the Solar System is relatively young in the Galaxy, there should never
have been a time in our history when mankind was not aware of the presence of
such civilizations. And yet, we apparently see no signs of intelligent life
in the Galaxy other than ourselves.
This paradox, now well known, was first expressed by Enrico Fermi 40 years
ago, and today is still as relevant to discussions on the possible existence
of intelligent life in the Universe and the methods of searching for signs of
such life as it was then.
The authors have reviewed the many aspects of the Fermi Paradox for the last
decade, and have recently entered the debating chamber. This present paper is
an attempt to further contribute to that debate by exploring some of the
arguments prompted by the Paradox in more detail than we have previously
commented on. We emphasize that we are participating in a debate which has
been underway for several years now, and which has well-developed arguments
covered in depth in the literature. It is our hope that, by elaborating some
of the key concepts which we find persuasive, we will cause the debate to
refocus on the Paradox that Fermi identified so many years ago.
Abstract -
Abstract -Arguments that even a single extraterrestrial civilization would
have long ago colonized the Galaxy are not compelling. Many factors,
including intraspecific competition, could prevent complete colonization,
except, perhaps, on time scales much greater than 1010 years. It
follows that the fact that extraterrestrial civilizations do not appear to be
represented on Earth is irrelevant to the formulation of plans to search for
them.
Abstract - A workshop, held at Stanford University on August 29 and 30, 1974,
brought together two groups of scientists interested in ExtraTerrestrial
Civilization (ETC). Group A is comprised of scientists studying the problem
theoretically in terms of physical, astronomical and biological knowledge,
and those considering searching for extraterrestrial radio signals which
might provide evidence for ETC. Group B comprises scientists pursuing the UFO
PROBLEM; their activities comprise analysis of soft evidence such as
eye-witness reports, and of hard evidence such as photographs.
Abstract - The purpose of this four-day workshop was to review purported physical evidence associated with UFO reports, with a view to assessing whether the further acquisition and investigation of such evidence is likely to help solve the UFO problem, namely the determination of the cause or causes of these reports.
Technological advancements have allowed us to build robotic space probes
to remotely explore the solar system. Interstellar robotic missions are under
serious consideration. Advanced extant extraterrestrial civilizations within
the galaxy, if they exist, are very likely exploring with robotic probes as well,
some of which may have reached our solar system and taken an interest in life on
Earth. Recent technological advances make it possible to conduct a scientific
search for evidence of extraterrestrial interstellar robotic probes. Modern
solid-state sensing devices and scientific instruments, combined with
high-speed computer hardware, can be used in an effort to detect the physical
presence of a probe. The SETV (Search for ExtraTerrestrial Visitation)
model is new and an offspring of SETA (artifacts) and SETI. SETV includes
the construction of passive and active autonomous data acquisition platforms using
"commercial off-the-shelf" hardware, to collect reliable and unambiguous data
on anomalous observational phenomena that may be ETI probes. The SETV hypothesis
and experimental methods will be described. The SETV hypothesis can be
experimentally tested and attempts to statistically reject a null hypothesis
which states that ETI probes do not exist. SETV Pre and Post-detection
protocols are necessary and will be examined. SETV is a timely,
results-oriented, method worthy of serious consideration in our continuing
desire to answer the question "Are we alone?"
Keywords: SETI, Interstellar robotic probes, SETV, SETA, COTS, Instruments,
Sensors, Automated smart surveillance
Table of Contents
1. Introduction
2. Autonomous ETI Probes and their missions
Figure 1. Russian Luna 1 Space Probe (circa 1959)
3. The SETV Experiment
3.1 Placement of an Experimental Platform
3.2 Description of an Experimental Platform
Figure 2. ETP Scanning Polycamera System Block Diagram
3.3 Related Observational Experiments, AOP and DATA Analysis
Figure 3. Hypothetical Cladogram
3.4 SETV Protocols
4. Conclusion
5. Acknowledgements
Note by Walt Williams, SETV Search Model Founder:
The SETV search model was codeveloped through the efforts of Walt Williams,
Scot Stride, Dr. Allen Tough, Dr. Bruce Cornet, Dr. Herman Fischer,
Dr. Sy Wong, Steve Chris, Richard Burke-Ward and Saundra Marsh; all while affiliated with the
Organization for SETV Research, (OSR). Mr. Stride's base scheme was derived from book
research developed by Walt Williams over ten year period prior to affiliation
with members of the OSR. The book was originally titled -
"Intstrument Strategies for Measurement and Detection of Suspected Near Earth Extraterrestrial
Objects", and collectively renamed to "Brighter than White Sands",
by Scot Stride and Walt Williams in 1997. Scot Stride published the outline of the
of the SETV manuscript. The full doctrine is nearing completion and will likely be published
later this year (2003). Stride's version of SETV is oriented via premise that
Near Earth Objects could be present owing to the commensurable Human development
and interest to send robotic exploratory probes into the cosmos, which is in itself
a SETV strategy. Stride is taking the "safe-SETI" approach, by examining only robotic
probes. However, SETV is not limited to speculation about possible robotic probes,
as the search strategy is field data driven as well. For more information about the
SETV search strategy, ongoing efforts by the Near Earth ET Studies community
please visit: www.setv.org - the founding organization of the SETV search model.
Incidentally, SETI, is very cleverly integrating the SETV search strategy into
their historical billion-dollar non-functional search model. To be fair, SETV
and other late-arrival scientific search strategies can exist today the result of
hard-won very difficultly earned credibility via the dedicated and tireless efforts
of past SETI scientists.
Kind Regards,
Walt Williams
SETV
Stull, M.A., On the Significance of the Apparent Absence of Extraterrestrials on Earth
NASA - Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, 94035, U.S.A.
Journal of the British Interplanetary Society, Vol. 32, pp. 221-222, 1979.
Sturrock, Peter A., Carlson, J.B., Stanford workshop on extraterrestrial civilization -
Opening a new scientific dialog - Conference Report
Carlson, J. B.
Astronomy Program, University of Maryland, College Park, Md., 20742, U.S.A.
Sturrock, Peter A.,
Institute for Plasma Research and Applied Physics Department,
Stanford University, Stanford, California, 94305, U.S.A.
Origins of Life, Vol. 6, pp. 459-470, July 1975.
D. Reidal Publishing Company, DorDrecht, Holland
Discussion at the Workshop centered on the following topics: the existence of
ETC; interstellar travel; interstellar communication; human contact with ETC;
UFO evidence; evaluation of the UFO phenomena; and assessment of our
ignorance. It was generally agreed that radio search for ETC is a promising
endeavor. Although it was agreed that study of the UFO problem is a
justifiable pursuit, members of Group A chose to remain skeptical in the
absence of unimpeachable evidence concerning the nature of the phenomena.
Workshop Participants:
W.M. Adams, Stanford University;
C.W. Barnes, Stanford University;
R.N. Bracewell, Stanford University;
J.B. Carlson, University of Maryland;
R.A. Dana, Stanford University;
D.W. Davies, Jet Propulsion Laboratory;
C.M. Haaland, Oak Ridge National Laboratory;
J.A. Harder, University of California;
R.C. Henry, Johns Hopkins University;
J.A. Hynek, Center for UFO Studies;
J.W. Knight, Stanford University;
B.M. Oliver, Hewlett Packard;
P.E. Palmer, University of Chicago;
V. Petrosian, Stanford University;
C.L. Seeger, San Francisco, California;
R. Shaver, University of Groningen;
P.A. Sturrock, Stanford University;
G.W. Swenson, University of Illinois;
P. Switzer, Stanford University;
W.H. Tucker, Bonsall California;
J.F. Vallee, Center for UFO Studies;
F. Winterberg, University of Nevada;
J. Wolfe, NASA/Ames Research Center;
R.M. Wood, McDonnell-Douglas Corporation.
Sturrock, P. A., et al, Research Report: Physical Evidence Related to UFO Reports,
Journal of Scientific Exploration, Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 179-229, 1998.
Seven UFO investigators presented a variety of physical evidence that they claimed was
associated with UFO reports: photographic evidence; luminosity estimates; radar evidence;
interference with automobile functioning; interference with aircraft equipment; apparent
gravitational or inertial effects; ground traces; injuries to vegetation; physiological effects on
witnesses; and analysis of debris. There was in addition a presentation of investigations into
recurrent phenomena that occur in the Hessdalen Valley in Norway.
A review panel was composed of nine scientists of diverse expertise and interests. The panel
offered comments and criticisms concerning the investigations that were presented, and also
prepared a summary of their overall response, with the following key elements:
Scientific Review Panel Participants:
V.R. Eshleman, (Co-Chair) Emeritus Professor of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University.
T.E. Holzer, High Altitude Observatory, Boulder, Colo.
J. R. Jokipii, Regents' Professor of Planetary Sciences and Astronomy, University of Arizona, Tucson.
F. Louange, Managing Director of Fleximage, Paris, France.
H. J. Melosh, Professor of Planetary Science, University of Arizona, Tucson.
J. J. Papike, Professor of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque.
G. Reitz, German Aerospace Center, Institute for Aerospace Medicine, Cologne, Germany.
C.R. Tolbert, Professor of Astronomy, University of Virginia, Charlottesville.
B. Veyret, Bioelectromagnetics Laboratory, University of Bordeaux, France.
Presenting Investigators:
Richard Haines, Los Altos, Calif.
Illobrand von Ludwiger, Germany.
Mark Rodeghier, Center for UFO Studies, Chicago.
John Schuessler, Houston.
Erling Strand, Ostfold College, Skjeberg, Norway.
Michael Swords, Professor of Natural Science, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo.
Jacques Vallee, San Francisco.
Jean-Jacques Velasco, CNES, Toulouse, France.
Abstract - Interstellar travel is difficult, but not impossible. This review paper discusses the relative feasibility of a number of different technologies that will allow travel to the stars. It gives examples of one-way and rendezvous unmanned interstellar probe vehicles that can return data on the number and nature of the planets around the target system within less than 50 years after launch. These initial exploration probe missions will be followed by manned or robotic exploration and colonisation missions. These can range from relatively feasible long slow missions using "world ships" propelled by existing nuclear pulse or nuclear electric technologies and carrying self-producing human crews, to high risk, high speed missions using beamed power, antimatter, or interstellar ramjet technology. For the nearer stellar system, speeds of 0.1 to 0.3 the speed of light will suffice to explore the 17 nearest stellar systems with 25 visible stars and hundreds of planets in trip times comparable to a human lifetime. Some emergent high energy density technologies that are under development for other purposes, such as laser and electron beam imploded fusion and solar powered lasers and masers, show promise of providing us with propulsion technologies that will make rapid interstellar travel feasible within the foreseeable future.
Abstract - In order to increase the probability of contact in the search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI) it has been proposed to search more intensively in certain regions of the electromagnetic spectrum ("the water hole"). The present paper describes a similar narrowing of the search in the time domain. Application of this strategy results in the SETI experiment of searching for signals from the Tau Ceti system late in 1986 and early in 1987 and the Epsilon Eridani system in mid 1988.
Abstract - The very natural query of the interested intellectual: what should I read to understand the status of the UFO Phenomenon?, has no simple answer. This review article briefly examines the characteristics of the "UFO Problem" and relates those characteristics to the problem of ignorance in the academic community. An "inside look" at the appropriate library for the "working UFOlogist" is then explored.
Abstract - For many eras in man's history, the sky has been occupied by various god, or constellations, or birds, mythical or real. A new concept has arisen in the last few years, largely a product of aviation and balloonry, and civil air defense spotters. In general the reports have more psychological than physical significance. However, certain optical phenomena are now gaining far wider interest than among research men in optics. Some "authentic reports" by "reliable, competent observers" are recounted and considered. While complete interpretation of all "reports" is impossible, due to lack of sufficient experimental data, NO evidence exists for any phenomena not explicable by standard physical concepts.
Abstract - The author assumes that there exists a vast network of intelligent civilizations (the Galactic Club) in productive mutual contact and that UFOs are of extraterrestrial intelligent (ETI) origin and flown by members of the Galactic Club. He then suggests that the reason for the lack of official contact between UFOs of ETI origin and us is that they are merely surveying us because we are on the verge of becoming a member of the Galactic Club. He makes two proposals for a CETI strategy: (1) carry out radio search for Type II and Type III civilizations among nearer galaxies and search for Bracewell probes, and (2) carry out serious study of the UFO phenomenon to produce 'harder' data (e.g., spectra from glowing UFOs), including a systematic search using radar networks, infrared sensors from space, etc.
Abstract - This paper intends to present the elements of the UFO (Unidentified Flying Object) problem, today. Truly unidentified reports of events in the air, and close to the ground, exist, events worldwide in origin and appearing to fit a relatively small number of patterns. The data, amenable to study of an interdisciplinary nature, involving a number of scientific disciplines and probably necessitating new departures in methodology, have been imperfectly studied in the past and have been virtually ignored by science. An increasing interest in, and open-mindedness about the UFO phenomenon, whatever its cause, on the part of established scientists and the educated public exists, and there has been created a Center for UFO Studies, whose activities are guided by a scientific board of established scientists in their respective disciplines. The outstanding objective of the attack on the UFO problem is the formulation of a hypothesis -- or hypotheses -- that encompasses the established parameters of the UFO phenomenon -- no matter how far beyond the boundaries of present day science it may have to be.
Abstract - It has been stated that little, if any, real evidence exists to prove the case for the UFO (Unidentified Flying Objects). While it is true that there is no direct proof, there is tangible evidence available for study. This evidence is to be found in the physical trace cases, reports involving a UFO landing and the disturbance of soil or plants at the alleged landing site. In this paper I have eliminated a rather detailed statistical study of the trace cases as this information is to be published by the Center For UFO Studies in the near future. Evaluation of the patterns presented in this report should make it quite clear that the physical trace landing cases are quite numerous and on the increase. During the past twenty-five years the trace reports have not received a great deal of publicity. Many of these cases are not quite sensational enough for public consumption. I feel that the study presents significant statistical patterns. Examples of high quality cases are presented which have not reached publication in any of the prominent journals and certainly no scientific journals. I trust the information presented will at least stimulate interest in this one piece of the UFO puzzle.
Abstract - This paper presents the view that (1) a significant proportion of
the thousands of UFO reports analyzed by the authors come from witnesses
who have really observed an object in the sky or at ground level; (2)
the objects these witnesses have seen have characteristics very different
from all identifiable objects and phenomena; (3) the phenomenon is of
high scientific interest; and (4) a systematic research approach can be
defined. These conclusions are based on many years of research into the
phenomenon, in the course of which the authors have had at their disposal
the official Air Force files of the United States and of France, as well
as files of several reliable private organizations. The paper presents the
results of computer statistics obtained independently, and it describes
some correlations between geomagnetic disturbances and UFO observations.
Major Subject Terms:
Unidentified Flying Objects, ExtraTerrestrial Intelligence, Project SETI
Minor Subject Terms:
Geomagnetism, Magnetic Disturbances, Governments, Organizations, Documents
United States, France
Notes:
Aerospace Sciences Pasadena, CA 20-22 Jan. 1975
Abstract - Using the method of stepwise multiple correlation analysis, five
factors are identified having empirically-demonstrable effects on the
production of UFO-reports; other factors have been simultaneously set aside
as irrelevant. In order to maximize the number of reports, it is helpful (a)
to assemble a large number of potential witnesses, (b) to educate them at
least through high school, (c) to station them where they can see, (d) to
give them a place to report, and (e) to provide one or more examples of such
reports. Data on these factors alone suffice to provide a multiple
correlation of 0.82 with actual numbers of UFO-reports produced in US
counties, and they come at least very close to accounting for the statistical
reliability of this criterion. Several hypotheses predicated on alternative
models of the UFO-reporting process are affirmatively rejected by the data
reported here.
Major Subject Terms:
UNIDENTIFIED FLYING OBJECTS EXTRATERRESTRIAL INTELLIGENCE PROJECT SETI
Minor Subject Terms:
CORRELATION STATISTICAL TESTS
Notes:
13th Aerospace Sciences Pasadena, CA 20-22 Jan. 1975
Abstract - The author introduces a speculative model of mind and matter and
their interaction that is consistent with the experimental basis of physics,
and which offers mechanisms for paranormal phenomena of all types, including
UFO phenomena. Certain conclusions are reached by a new fourth law of logic,
which is briefly described and summarized. A new photon interaction model of
quantized observable change is also presented. A solution to the problem of
the nature of mind is generated, using the author's fourth law of logic, and
a seven-dimensional hyperspatial physical model of a living biosystem is
developed. Using this basic model, an infinite-dimensional cotemporal
hyperspatial model of the physical universe complete with all its life forms
is constructed. Levels of unconsciousness-including the collective human
species unconscious--emerge naturally as types of crosstalk between
hyperframes. By the author's formula, the psychokinetic power of a mind level
increases exponentially as the number of biosystem stages involved. At the
level of the collective human species unconscious, the psychokinesis is
sufficient to materialize symbolic tulpoids (thought forms), given a
sufficient stress stimulus in large groups. Using the cold war as the major
stress stimulus on mankind since World War II, the author shows that most
major UFO waves in the literature precisely fit the model.
Major Subject Terms:
Human Behavior, Logic, Perception, Psychophysics, Psychotronics, Psionics,
Minor Subject Terms:
Consciousness, Models, Quantum Theory, Stress (Psychology)
Unidentified Flying Objects
Abstract -The mechanistic interpretation of the communication process between
cognitive hierarchical systems as an iterated pair of convolutions between
the incoming discrete time series signals and the chaotic dynamics (CD) at
the nm-scale of the perception (energy) wetware level, with the consequent
feeding of the resulting collective properties to the CD software (symbolic)
level, shows that the category of quality, largely present in Galilean
quantitative-minded science, is to be increasingly made into quantity for
finding optimum common codes for communication between different intelligent
beings. The problem is similar to that solved by biological evolution, of
communication between the conscious logic brain and the underlying unfelt
ultimate extralogical processes, as well as to the problem of the mind-body
or the structure-function dichotomies. Perspective cybernated
nanotechnological and/or nanobiological interfaces, and time evolution of the
'contact language' (the iterated dialogic process) as a self-organising
system might improve human-alien understanding.
Major Subject Terms:
Communication, Cybernetics, ExtraTerrestrial,
Intelligence, Intelligibility
Project SETI, Semantics
Minor Subject Terms:
Hierarchies, Information Theory, Words (Language)
Notes:
British Interplanetary Society, Journal vol. 47, no. 1 p. 11-16 January 1994
Abstract - Possible forms of energy conversion, technologies, and
interstellar projects on which advanced extraterrestrial civilizations may be
occupied are discussed. It is suggested that if life began evolving in the
Universe 8-10 billion years ago, then some alien civilizations may be
presently reshaping and building galaxies by now, although no astronomical
evidence for such feats is presently available. Limiting factors for
civilizations are light speed and dependence for thermal conditions on the
distance to the home star. Energy limitations will encourage continual
reconfiguring of a civilization's energy usage until the prime energy source
is the home star, around which city-worlds could be built. The techniques
would eventually lead to star travel because of the ability to reform and use
energy. However, if life came into existence everywhere in the Universe
simultaneously at the phase change after the Big Bang, then even millions of
years could transpire before initial attempts to colonize the galaxy are
enacted. The limitations on terrestrial technology and energy supplies would
then be the equivalent of those in other civilizations, indicating that
millimeter wave transmissions would have a chance at establishing contact.
Major Subject Terms:
ExtraTerrestrial Intelligence
Minor Subject Terms:
Energy Conversion, Evolution (Development), Technologies
Notes:
International Astronautical Federation,
International Astronautical Congress, 34th,
Budapest, Hungary, Oct. 10-15, 1983. 4 p.
Abstract - Transmitting large amounts of data efficiently among neighboring
stars will vitally support any eventual contact with extrasolar intelligence,
whether alien or human. Laser carriers are particularly suitable for
high-quality, targeted links. Space laser transmitter systems designed by
this work, based on both demonstrated and imminent advanced space technology,
could achieve reliable data transfer rates as high as 1 kb/s to matched
receivers as far away as 25 pc, a distance including over 700 approximately
solar-type stars. The centerpiece of this demonstration study is a fleet of
automated spacecraft incorporating adaptive neural-net optical processing
active structures, nuclear electric power plants, annular momentum control
devices, and ion propulsion. Together the craft sustain, condition, modulate,
and direct to stellar targets an infrared laser beam extracted from the
natural mesospheric, solar-pumped, stimulated CO2 emission recently
discovered at Venus. For a culture already supported by mature interplanetary
industry, the cost of building planetary or high-power space laser systems
for interstellar communication would be marginal, making such projects
relevant for the next human century. Links using high-power lasers might
support data transfer rates as high as optical frequencies could ever allow.
A nanotechnological society such as we might become would inevitably use 10
to the 20th power b/yr transmission to promote its own evolutionary expansion
out of the galaxy.
Major Subject Terms:
Carbon dioxide LASERS, Interstellar Travel, Mars (Planet), Optical Communication
Venus (Planet)
Minor Subject Terms:
Adaptive Control, ExtraTerrestrial Intelligence, Large Space Structures
Project SETI, Space Commercialization, Spacecraft Design
NASA Subject Category: Structural Mechanics
Abstract - Inspection and interception methods of defense against hostile
alien satellites, with a brief study of weapons systems costs.
Major Subject Terms:
Costs, Economy, Inspection, Interception, Missile Defense
Rendezvous, Weapon System Management, Weapon Systems
Notes:
Multimission Concept - Key to Weapon System Economy.
C. L. Kober /Martin Marietta Corp., Martin Co., Denver, Colo./.
American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics,
Summer Meeting, Los Angeles, Calif., June 17-20, 1963, Paper 63-197. 5 P.
Members, $0.50, Nonmembers, $1.00.
Abstract - Present SETI projects are described, emphasizing search methods
alternative to investigations in the radio range. The possibility that the
human race is being studied by alien presences within the solar system is
addressed in the context of the 'zoo hypothesis' and the 'leaky embargo'
hypothesis. In the former, the aliens prevent any contact with humans, while
in the latter occasional contact is permitted.
Major Subject Terms:
Project SETI, Radio Communication, Solar system
Minor Subject Terms:
ExtraTerrestrial Intelligence Hypothesis
Language Note: German
Notes:
Astronautik (ISSN 0004-6221), vol. 26, Oct.-Dec. 1989, p. 115-118. In German.
In German
Abstract - All starships may utilize electromagnetic drag screens to
decelerate to interplanetary velocities when approaching destination solar
systems. Observable characteristics of exothermic starships and deceleration
drag screens are reviewed. A preliminary theory for the detectability of
ramjet or ram-augmented interstellar rocket or drag screen trails is
developed. The applicability of planned astronomical telescopes to starship
searches is briefly discussed.
Major Subject Terms:
Interstellar Spacecraft, Project SETI, Signal Detection
Minor Subject Terms:
Antimatter, LASER Propulsion, Nuclear Electric Propulsion
Language Note: English
Notes:
IAF, International Astronautical Congress, 39th, Bangalore, India, Oct. 8-15, 1988. 5 p.
Abstract - Scientific and philosophical issues related to the search for
extraterrestrial intelligence (ETI) are examined. The possible existence and
nature of ETI, extraterrestrial epistemology, and a solipsist approach to ETI
are discussed. Consideration is given to the detectability and
decipherability of extraterrestrial communications, the design of a language
for cosmic communication, and the meaning and consequences of contact.
Major Subject Terms:
ExtraTerrestrial, Communication, ExtraTerrestrial Intelligence
Minor Subject Terms:
ExtraTerrestrial Life, Project SETI
Language Note: English
Abstract - The discussion deals with two questions: assuming a signal has
been detected, does the signal contain a message. If so, how can it be
deciphered. The concept of the message as a statistical variate is explained.
When the suspected sequence of elements is examined for randomness, if any
departure from randomness is found, the presence of a message is indicated.
Detection of several independent organizations approaches proof of the
existence of a message. In answer to the second question, some linguistic
concepts are brought forward. A common experience and accord on a symbol for
that experience are required for communications. Interspecies experiential
differences make the first condition difficult to meet. It is argued that the
frequency of the hydrogen line would constitute such a commonality. A search
for a beacon frequency could commence not at integral multiples of this
frequency, but at multiples by some universal constant, such as pi or e. A
hypothetical interstellar message is given which first gives the code, i.e.,
Morse, in terms of number symbols, a likely common ground; then transmits the
number pi in those symbols; then repeats the message.
Major Subject Terms:
Communication Theory, ExtraTerrestrial Life, Interstellar Communication, Signal Encoding,
Space Communication
Minor Subject Terms:
Channels (Data Transmission), Information Theory, Multivariate Statistical Analysis,
Random Processes, Signal Detection
Abstract - A hypothesis concerning the nature of extraterrestrial
messages to the earth is proposed. The hypothesis is based on the following
assumptions about (1) that they exist in abundance in the Galaxy; (2) that
they are benevolent toward earth-based life forms, and (3) that the lack of
any human detection of extraterrestrials is due to an embargo designed to
prevent any premature disclosure of their existence. It is argued that any
embargo not involving alien force must be a leaky one designed to allow a
gradual disclosure of the alien message and its gradual acceptance on the
part of the general public over a very long time-scale. The communication may
take the form of what is now considered magic, and may therefore be
misinterpreted as 'magic' by or a hoax by contemporary governments and
scientists.
Major Subject Terms:
Earth (Planet), ExtraTerrestrial Intelligence, ExtraTerrestrial Life
Minor Subject Terms:
Human Reactions, Interstellar Communication, Mental Performance, Milky Way, Galaxy
Abstract - The problem of how to communicate with the members of an alien society has been discussed by ma